July 4th

Istockphoto.com

LANGER, SUSANNE K (1953)(1967) An Introduction to Symbolic Logic, Dover Publications, New York.

The Langer philosophy text review, continues.

Some key symbols from the textbook:

≡df = Equivalence by definition
: = Equal (s)
ε = Epsilon and means is
⊃ = Is the same as
⊨ is Entails
˜ = Not
∃ = There exists
∃! = There exists
∴ = Therefore
· = Therefore
< = Is included
v = a logical inclusive disjunction (disjunction is the relationship between two distinct alternatives).

Ironically, this July 4 entry features a United States of America example, from philosopher Langer. A 'happy accident' as the late Bob Ross would state.

This is class A: Born of American parents, these children may be foreign born, or American born, but they are born of American parents. (141)

This is class B: These children are born of foreign or American parents, but the children were born in the United States of America. (141).

Langer denotes a third class, not called class C, which is a class of native born American born of American parents or born on American soil. (141).

Langer explains that native born Americans belong to class A or class B or both. (141). The class of native born Americans by the use of Langer's symbolic logic is

A + B

It is disjunction, or the sum, of class A and class B. (141). This being children born of American parents and children born on American soil. (141).

Therefore:

A v B : B v A

Class A is class B is true, equals Class B is class A is true

A v B ⊃ B v A

Class A is class B is true, is the same as Class B is class A is true

A v B ⊨ B v A

Class A is class B is true, entails Class B is class A is true
---

A common website theme:

Humanity has fallen and is universally, sinfully corrupt. The only means of salvation for the individual or nations is in the applied atoning and resurrection work of Jesus Christ through the trinitarian God. This is in biblical terms, being legally justified and saved by grace through faith, for good works, not by good works. (see Romans, Galatians, Ephesians, James). Or in Reformed theology language, justified and saved by grace, alone, through faith, alone.

Ephesians 2: 8-10  New American Standard Bible

8 For by grace you have been saved through faith; and [h]that not of yourselves, it is the gift of God; 9 not as a result of works, so that no one may boast. 10 For we are His workmanship, created in Christ Jesus for good works, which God prepared beforehand so that we would walk in them.

Each nation and person is corrupted by sin, but even so, there are benefits to living in Western, democratic nations.

This July 1: Canada Day and July 4, Independence Day, period, I will write that philosophically and politically, I am blessed and glad to be associated with these nations such as Canada and the United Kingdom, through citizenship, and the United States, culturally. At least these three nations provide significant freedom of religion, speech and expression for their citizens and residents.