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| Conwy Castle 2001 |
2003 The Problem of Evil: Anglican and Baptist Perspectives: MPhil thesis, Bangor University For my MPhil surveys,
I received fifty each, completed of Anglicans and Baptists who have attended a post-secondary denominational college, University or seminary, or are members of one of those denominations who have studied religion at a post-secondary level.
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Statement four:
The fourth statement was perhaps the most controversial. God wills evil for the greater good.
I do take this viewpoint, and I am in agreement with the writings of John Calvin on this matter within The Bondage and Liberation of the Will, as well as in Institutes of the Christian Religion.
I am not stating that God sins in any way by willing evil for the greater good, nor does he force people or fallen angels to sin. People sin by nature and choice, and God uses this evil for the greater good. Since he is infinite and dealing with finite creation, all things work under the subjection of his will and I humbly, and without complete understanding, state that he manages the Universe in a far more controlled manner than to simply allow evil to take place.
By not preventing all evil, and by using it for the greater good, he is in a sense willing it. The difference between God’s will and the sinful will when evil takes place, is that God’s will and motives alone remain pure and consistent within God’s good purposes.
The idea of human free will alone does not demonstrate why God has to allow evil, as opposed to willing it. I do believe that human beings require a certain level of freedom to choose or reject God, but God could have prevented evil’s existence by not creating angels and then human beings. God knew there would be a fall, and in a sense willed the results of that fall by not preventing it from taking place, but it was within his right to have evil flourish in his creation for a time until the Kingdom of God culminated.
It must be stated again that God did not coerce human beings into sinning and thus causing the fall, but he knew that this fall would take place and did not willingly prevent it. It can be deduced that God thought the evil and suffering in a corrupted creation, willed in sinful disobedience, was a tolerable situation for a time. Jesus Christ would, through his work, restore that creation and culminate a Kingdom of God filled with resurrected human beings who had experienced evil, and now through the Holy Spirit willingly rejected evil completely.
There are, as well, many instances in our creation where God could have prevented evils from taking place, for instance the American bombings of September 11, 2001. Some may argue that God must allow human free will and that is why these events took place. However, God could have prevented this from taking place, as it can be shown that many evils are prevented and certainly God would have his hand in this.
Many times evil plans are thwarted, such as Nazi Germany’s plans to conquer Europe. In that case, Adolph Hitler’s free will was not allowed to completely flourish. It was not that God forced Hitler to think differently, but rather the Fuhrer’s plans were defeated by the Allies.
I do not think free will is the ultimate answer in the matter of the problem of evil, rather it is largely God’s will that determines what will ultimately take place, at the same time not forcing his creation to sin against him. This sin is achieved by people who are in the sinful biological line of Adam and Eve, and thus possess sinful nature which leads to sinful choices. This is not hard determinism on God’s part. God has an ultimate plan, and some sinful actions will take place within the plan and some will not. I grant, that in this sense, God allows all to sin against him but their wills are always under the authority of God’s ultimate will, who can thwart sinful plans as he chooses.
With Anglican 10% agreed, 18% were not certain, 72% disagreed. With Baptists 20% agreed, 6% were not certain, 74% disagreed.
2010 Theodicy and Practical Theology: PhD thesis, the University of Wales, Trinity Saint David, Lampeter
The survey results and graphs do not exhaustively reflect the statistics, but I only presented the most relevant results. Two-hundred thirteen persons from various Christian churches worldwide were surveyed.
CALVIN, JOHN (1543)(1996) The Bondage and Liberation of the Will, Translated by G.I. Davies, Grand Rapids, Baker Book House.
CALVIN, JOHN (1539)(1998) The Institutes of the Christian Religion, Book II, Translated by Henry Beveridge, Grand Rapids, The Christian Classic Ethereal Library, Wheaton College.
CALVIN, JOHN (1539)(1998) The Institutes of the Christian Religion, Book IV, Translated by Henry Beveridge, Grand Rapids, The Christian Classic Ethereal Library, Wheaton College.
FEINBERG, JOHN.S. (1994) The Many Faces of Evil, Grand Rapids, Zondervan Publishing House.
August 10, 2019
For both my British, MPhil and PhD theses, I was required within empirical and practical theology to create related questionnaires and compile surveys. This was required largely, for the sake of originality. At my verbal, viva, it was implied by reviewers that my theological and philosophical work was creative and had originality as well.
Questionnaire propositions have academic value, but do not provide context. I was not able to explain within, differences between hard determinism, soft determinism/compatibilism and incompatibilism, which is associated with libertarian free will.
I reason that with both questionnaires, many readers viewed it as illogical and contrary for God to will and/or cause evil, because God, by ontological nature, cannot be evil and is not evil. But, my British works explained (explain) what is actually meant, as do website articles using content from both theses. God is holy and perfectly good by nature.
If these readers could have read my finished MPhil and PhD documents, the results would be more balanced in regard to questions where God wills and/or causes evil.
Below are two of my links with more explanation of hard determinism, soft determinism/compatibilism and incompatibilism and libertarian free will.
1 Peter 1:14-16 New American Standard Bible (NASB)
14 As [a]obedient children, do not [b]be conformed to the former lusts which were yours in your ignorance, 15 but [c]like the Holy One who called you, [d]be holy yourselves also in all your behavior; 16 because it is written, “You shall be holy, for I am holy.” See Exodus 3, Exodus, Leviticus, Deuteronomy and the Pentateuch, for examples in the Hebrew Bible/Old Testament.
June 18 2017
August 31, 2006
