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MPhil 2003
2003 The Problem of Evil: Anglican and Baptist Perspectives: MPhil thesis, Bangor University
Statement thirty-five: Statement thirty-five stated: Ultimately evil will be confined to an everlasting hell. I think this is the best position to take from a Biblical perspective, as it appears in Revelation 20:14, that death and hades are thrown into the lake of fire. Some argue that this is describing annihilationism, however, verse 10 describes this as a place of everlasting torment for the devil, beast, and false prophet.
It would be too presumptuous, in my view, to assume that human beings thrown into this lake would simply be annihilated. With this statement there is a substantial difference in opinion between the two groups. With Anglicans, 54% agreed, 24% were not certain, and 22% disagreed. With Baptists, 86% agreed, 6% were not certain, and 8% disagreed.
Related
I see that there is some significant debate in the comments from a related article of mine from over ten years ago. I still stand by my comments against annihilation with the use of Erickson.
July 1 2009
Friendly guest comments from 2009
I don’t think this necessarily follows from Erickson’s argument even if his statements are true (and I tend to agree with him). Christ’s atonement is effectual only for those who are called, for those who’ve been regenerated to life by the Spirit. To say that Christ has atoned for the sin of all humanity is simply to say that His atoning work is sufficient for every human being, not that it is effectual for every human being. Therefore, just because some human beings’ sins are never atoned for does not argue against annihilationism.
My reply from 2009
Quote
Therefore, just because some human beings’ sins are never atoned for does not argue against annihilationism.
I do not think this proves your point. If atonement is not applied to a person and is not effectual this means a person is still guilty of sin. How is this paid for and covered without atonement? It is not. Remember, Erickson pointed out that Christ as infinite God outlasted finite sin in the atonement.
December 21 2019
Speculation comes to mind that I have made online and offline, over the years.
Annihilation might be theologically just, if the atonement of Jesus Christ, as infinite God and perfect human being, universally covered all human sin. But, if the bible taught universal atonement of all human sin and post-mortem annihilation; hades (post-mortem as spirit) and the lake of fire (post-mortem as resurrected) would seem unneeded.
But what about eventual annihilation?
A finite amount of time (existence if one prefers) in either reality, with literal flames, or more likely actual realities presented with metaphor, would not cover finite and continued, post-mortem, human sin against an infinite God.
The one that offered accepted atonement was the infinite God himself, as incarnate, perfect man (Romans, Galatians, Ephesians, Hebrews as examples).
Luke 16 from New American Standard Bible (NASB)
19 “Now there was a rich man, and he habitually dressed in purple and fine linen, joyously living in splendor every day. 20 And a poor man named Lazarus was laid at his gate, covered with sores, 21 and longing to be fed with the crumbs which were falling from the rich man’s table; besides, even the dogs were coming and licking his sores. 22 Now the poor man died and was carried away by the angels to Abraham’s bosom; and the rich man also died and was buried. 23 In Hades he lifted up his eyes, being in torment, and saw Abraham far away and Lazarus in his bosom. 24 And he cried out and said, ‘Father Abraham, have mercy on me, and send Lazarus so that he may dip the tip of his finger in water and cool off my tongue, for I am in agony in this flame.’ 25 But Abraham said, ‘Child, remember that during your life you received your good things, and likewise Lazarus bad things; but now he is being comforted here, and you are in agony. 26 And besides all this, between us and you there is a great chasm fixed, so that those who wish to come over from here to you will not be able, and that none may cross over from there to us.’ 27 And he said, ‘Then I beg you, father, that you send him to my father’s house— 28 for I have five brothers—in order that he may warn them, so that they will not also come to this place of torment.’ 29 But Abraham said, ‘They have Moses and the Prophets; let them hear them.’ 30 But he said, ‘No, father Abraham, but if someone goes to them from the dead, they will repent!’ 31 But he said to him, ‘If they do not listen to Moses and the Prophets, they will not be persuaded even if someone rises from the dead.’”
Revelation 20 from the New American Standard Bible (NASB)
5 The rest of the dead did not come to life until the thousand years were completed. This is the first resurrection.
(The second resurrection which is for unbelievers)
and
14 Then death and Hades were thrown into the lake of fire. This is the second death, the lake of fire. 15 And if anyone’s name was not found written in the book of life, he was thrown into the lake of fire.
But, to be very clear, my noted theology of universal atonement/limited election is NOT in my mind, biblical and biblical theology. It is not my position and has never been my position. It is simply theological speculation, that I have considered as an academic. How annihilation might biblically work in light of the atoning and resurrection work of Jesus Christ as some in scholarship hold to it as a position. I hold to a Reformed, biblical position.
Related
February 26 2019
ELWELL, WALTER AND YARBROUGH, ROBERT W., Third Edition (2013) Encountering The New Testament, Grand Rapids, Baker Academic.
MOUNCE, ROBERT H. (1990) The Book of Revelation, Grand Rapids, William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company.
