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| Yesterday: North East Maple Ridge: Barnebcue |
LANGER, SUSANNE K (1953)(1967) An Introduction to Symbolic Logic, Dover Publications, New York. (Philosophy)
The review continued:
On page 200, Philosopher Langer explains that the system of symbolic logic (that has been explained for 200 pages) describes definite rules of computation. (199). These elements are described as calculus in the most general sense of use of that word. (200). Langer reasons that of course the tern 'calculus' is used in mathematics, and is quote 'invented by Leibniz and Newton' (200). Langer reasons that a calculus is in any system wherein one can calculate. (200).
The calculus of class somewhat resembles ordinary algebra she reasons. (200). Far more simplistic than most algebra (200), (although, still definitely tricky to convey to readers!).
I read in an academic article years ago that the use of symbolic logic by philosophers dissuades many academics within philosophy, philosophy of religion and theology to attempt to interpret. This motivated me to study this Langer text!
w = World Cup
u = Colourful uniforms
n = Nationalism
f = Fanatics
(w) ⊨ u = n ∴ f
World Cup entails colourful uniforms and (equals) nationalism, therefore fanatics.
x = World Cup
a = Colourful uniforms
b = Nationalism
c = Fanatics
(x) ⊨ a = b ∴ c
LANGER, SUSANNE K (1953)(1967) An Introduction to Symbolic Logic, Dover Publications, New York. (Philosophy)
Key symbols
≡df = Equivalence by definition
: = Equal (s)
ε = Epsilon and means is
⊃ = Is the same as
⊨ is Entails
˜ = Not ∃
= There exists
∃! = There exists
∴ = Therefore
. = Therefore
< = Is included
v = a logical inclusive disjunction (disjunction is the relationship between two distinct alternatives).
x = variable
= Conjunction meaning And
0 = Null class
cls = Class
int = Interpretation
