Redness?

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PIRIE, MADSEN (2006)(2015) How To Win Every Argument, Bloomsbury, London.

The fallacy of reification is also known as hypostatization. It consists in the supposition that certain words denote real things. (178). The 'redness' of the sunset, as example. Pirie reasons 'redness' is not present with a red sun, red ball, or red anything. (178).

The fallacy is turning descriptive qualities into real things. (178).

Perceived redness can vary from wavelengths. Oxford Science defines colour as the sensation produced when light of different wavelengths falls onto the human eye. (178). The visible spectrum varies continuously with wavelength ranges. (178). There is an abstract aspect to the human evaluation of colours and how each set of human eyes would interpret the sensations of light and colour.

I see dark red, you see red-blue, etcetera. It is not an error to describe the redness of something in subjective terms, but it should not be understood as objective terminology.

Reification occurs when it is assumed that the descriptive attributes are as real as the objects they depend on. (178).

Logically fallacious

'Reification (also known as: abstraction, concretism, fallacy of misplaced concreteness, hypostatisation)

Description: When an abstraction (abstract belief or hypothetical construct) is treated as if it were a concrete, real event or physical entity -- when an idea is treated as if had a real existence.

Example #1: How can you not want to go jogging? Look at that street -- it’s calling your name. It wants your feet pounding on it. “Jog on me!”'

Oxford Dictionary of Science, (2010), Sixth Edition, Oxford, Oxford University Press.

PIRIE, MADSEN (2006)(2015) How To Win Every Argument, Bloomsbury, London.

Yesterday

Each needs the other to complete the universe

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LANGER, SUSANNE K (1953)(1967) An Introduction to Symbolic Logic, Dover Publications, New York.

The Langer philosophy text review, continues. Some key symbols from the textbook:
≡df = Equivalence by definition
: = Equal (s)
ε = Epsilon and means is
⊃ = Is the same as
⊨ is Entails
˜ = Not
∃ = There exists
∃! = There exists
∴ = Therefore
· = Therefore
< = Is included
v = a logical inclusive disjunction (disjunction is the relationship between two distinct alternatives).
x = variable

Fundamentum Divisionis

Whenever there is a class formed within any universe of discourse, then every individual in that universe must either belong to the class, or not belong to it. (142). A class of two-storeyed houses has every house in it that is two-storeyed, or the house is not in that class. (142).

Further from the last review of the Langer text, every class creates a dichotomy, also known as a division in two for every class. (143).

(x ε N)
Variable is N.
Variable = N.

(x ε -N)
Variable is not N.
Variable does not equal = N.

These two classes have no members in common. (143). But, this universe of discourse is divided between them and are known as complementary classes. (143). Each needs the other to complete the universe. (143).

(x ε N) ˜ ⊃ (x ε -N)
Variable equals N is not the same as variable equals not N. (143).

N = Cat

(x ε N)

x equals cat

(x ε -N)

x does not equal cat

˜ means x is unfeline. (144).

This text is from different eras (1953) (1967) but this quote is interesting in today's era as well and demonstrates how the use of the English language evolves.

'Male and female are equally "positive" notions, but in a universe of bi-sexual organisms they are complements.' (144-145). If females are represented by B, then males is -B and vice-versa. (145). In an equation the second class is the negated (negative) class. (145).