Saturday, May 10, 2014

Methodology: Pattison and Woodward: 1-2 (PhD Edit) & Philosophical Question For Readers

Playa Nacascolo, Peninsula Papagayo, Guanacaste, Costa Rica,Travel+Leisure Facebook

I promised those that assisted me with Doctoral questionnaires and surveys that I would share results and basically the entire PhD, online. Here we are three plus years later and still at it. This is an indication of the mammoth task I was asked to complete and then further complete in revisions. There is no wonder I have no interest in attempting to complete another Doctoral research degree, although I still enjoy academic research, especially in theology, philosophy and Bible.

These posts also provide me with more opportunity to opine and reflect.

I see there have been only a few posts on Pattison and Woodward and there are fourteen sections. This reads like seven posts:

One can always complain in comments. I will have my secretary deal with it immediately at the complaints department.

Methodology: Pattison and Woodward 1-2

Stephen Pattison and James Woodward (2000)(2007) explain in ‘Introduction to Pastoral and Practical Theology’ in the text, which they serve as editors, The Blackwell Reader in Pastoral and Practical Theology[1] that although it is difficult to provide a comprehensive and universal list of the methodology of practical theology,[2] the list below contains many of the important elements.[3]  One, practical theology is a transformational activity,[4] in that with both process and outcome, it aims to change the lives of persons, and create greater understanding in the contemporary world.[5]  Theoretical, Philosophical theology from both conservative and liberal perspectives can also offer an alteration in the thinking and life of a student of theology,[6] but in many cases persons will not view doctrine as life changing and need to understand theoretical, philosophical concepts concerning theodicy clearly in the practical context,[7] in order for theology to offer any possibility of impacting his/her life significantly.[8]  Most persons do not receive specialized theological training and it is therefore reasonable to assume that a strictly and/or mainly theoretical approach will not significantly assist or impact the lives of many that attend Christian churches.[9]

Two, practical theology is not only concerned with the propositional, logical, and rational aspects of life and theology.[10]  Emotions, even if at times presented in an irrational manner, need to be understood within theological reflection of the human condition.[11]  I should point out that emotions need not necessarily be irrational.  Emotional reactions to the problem of evil and to theology and philosophy,[12] which deal with theodicy, can be reasonable and should not be automatically discounted as intellectually useless.[13]  Understanding human emotions is vital for pastoral theological care,[14] which needs to reason out theology in artistic and imaginative ways.[15]  While maintaining theoretical theological propositions,[16] I have no difficulty with examining the problem of evil from emotional perspectives.[17]  This should be a natural human reaction for any person studying the problem of evil,[18] whether this person is a professional theologian/philosopher or not.  I deduce there is no reason to conclusively assume that theoretical theodicy cannot work hand in hand with emotions.[19]  A person can feel and experience evil and suffering,[20] and yet have some understanding of it within a logical and reasonable theodicy. 

I reason not only that theological/philosophical theodicy can be complemented by practical and empirical theology, but also that emotions and suffering under evil does not necessarily have to lead one to disbelief in theodicy.[21]  In contrast, the better the theodicy, the more it shall assist a suffering person.  A human being is often going to experience evil and suffering on both emotional and intellectual levels and both should be adequately dealt with by theology and philosophy. There is no need to detach emotion from the problem of evil for intellectual purposes.[22]

ANDERSON, RAY S. (2001) The Shape of Practical Theology, Downers Grove, Illinois, InterVarsity Press.

CARTLEDGE, MARK J. (2002) Charismatic Glossolalia, Hants, England,
Ashgate Publishing Company.

CARTLEDGE, MARK J. (2003) Practical Theology, Carlisle, Cumbria, England, Paternoster Press.

COLLINS, GARY R. (1988) Christian Counseling, London, Word Publishing.

WOODWARD, JAMES AND STEPHEN PATTISON (2000)(2007)(eds.), The Blackwell Reader in Pastoral and Practical Theology, Oxford, Blackwell Publishing.



[1] James Woodward and Stephen Pattison (eds.), The Blackwell Reader in Pastoral and Practical Theology, Oxford, Blackwell Publishing.
[2] Pattison and Woodward (2000)(2007: 13).
[3] Pattison and Woodward (2000)(2007: 13).  In other words, the methodological approach to doing practical theology and the stages taken in the process.  Cartledge (2003: 248).
[4] Pattison and Woodward (2000)(2007: 13).
[5] Pattison and Woodward (2000)(2007: 13).
[6] My research of theodicy with MPhil and PhD work has definitely heavily influenced how I evaluate both academic and personal issues involving evil.
[7] Pattison and Woodward (2000)(2007: 13).
[8] Pattison and Woodward (2000)(2007: 13).  Practical theology aims to integrate theology with practice in order for the value of theology to be better understood.  The gap between ‘understanding and explaining’ is sought.  Anderson (2001: 26). 
[9] In the same way that a theologian, not heavily educated in another discipline, would not be impacted significantly in many cases by complex academic work within that other discipline.
[10] Pattison and Woodward (2000)(2007: 13).  Anderson (2001: 26).
[11] Pattison and Woodward (2000)(2007: 13).
[12] The implications of theology are an important aspect of practical theology.  Cartledge (2003: 249).
[13] Pattison and Woodward (2000)(2007: 13).  Cartledge (2003: 249).
[14] Pattison and Woodward (2000)(2007: 13).
[15] Pattison and Woodward (2000)(2007: 13).
[16] Such as Reformed doctrines and views developed through the study of Philosophy of Religion.
[17] Gary Collins admits that emotions can be crippling, but this provides opportunities for Christian pastoral counseling.  Collins (1988: 16).
[18] This should be natural for anyone dealing with the suffering of another from a theological perspective.  Pattison and Woodward (2000)(2007: 13).
[19] Collins (1988: 16).  The Christian message can be presented within the context of one suffering.
[20] Practical theology should deal with the inner core issues of an individual.  Anderson (2001: 28).
[21] Collins (1988: 16). 
[22] Pattison and Woodward (2000)(2007: 13).  Cartledge (2003: 249).  Rather these would be an aspect of individual life experience which can be theologically analyzed with the use of data. 

Philosophical Question For Readers

A few weeks ago late at night at a break at site, I was in a friendly debate with a Muslim that claimed, for example, Christianity could be disproved by something written in the fourth century by those outside of the New Testament Church community. I stated that the first century documentation, especially Biblical within the New Testament Church community was far more reliable to find the accurate historical events and religious history. This is a common way for Biblical scholars to reason and for historians to reason.

He stated that he would have rather lived two or more hundred years ago because of the moral decay in the world today.

I disagreed, even acknowledging what Scripture and the Book of Revelation state in regard to the coming New Heaven and New Earth. This indicates the requirment for this realm to be replaced and that it may quite possibly become more filled with problems of evil and suffering before God through Christ brings about a new everlasting realm.

I stated I would, since problems of evil and suffering will still exist in this realm, rather live, for example, a thousand years from now, barring that the world did not exist in totalitarianism, because medical advances would be greater, medically related suffering likely less and life span longer.

I am reasoning that when human medical advances can regenerate human tissue and organs, perhaps even blood, I certainly hope not through abortion related embryonic cells, that this would certainly be in many ways a better era to live in. 

Would readers philosophically prefer to live in the past, present, or future?

And of course this is purely hypothetical, but the gentleman started the subject. I also reason that as each human being is procreated by a set of parents and each of them by a set of parents each and so on, that one is born only in that sequence. Barring a miraculous creation from God.

Thank you.


This photo is after my several hour shift @ work. Somewhat puzzling to me is I look more decent after the shift than with the photos I attempted before the shift. I suppose perhaps I do not look as decent when I just got up and that walking many floors two plus times, plus exterior for five to ten miles might assist. This is a shift where an elevator and computer system in part went down, but I was working with a newbie, 'Mr. Luss can fix, he have PhD, and good with computers, me go on patrol' (Likely thought process).


Thursday, May 08, 2014

Methodology: William Dean (PhD Edit)

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I do not subscribe to empirical theological views as I take to a Reformed, historical, grammatical perspective as a philosophical theologian that also works with philosophy of religion. However, quote: 'Erickson appears to agree with this notion to a point as he comments that in theology, truth and experience are always related.[1]'

This is one of the methodology sections I was required to write for my Doctorate in order to provide methodology for my questionnaires and surveys.

As noted previously, I am obviously more of a philosophical theologian than an experimental one, although for balance will admit that concepts and theology, even from a Biblical Christian perspective are examined and pondered on. A reason to have blogs such as I do. 

Thanks.

William Dean (1990) comments that empirical theology begins with a particular speculative view of life,[2] which in turn leads to the use of the empirical method.[3]

Methodology: William Dean

Dean explains that for empirical theology, method is the outcome of content and not the other way around.[4]  The empirical method contributes to the continual development, correction and revision of speculative content.[5]  He writes that empirical method is distinctive in making experience the highest authority;[6] however, he reasons that even anti-experimental theologians depend on Scripture and related tradition when they are trusted and experienced.[7]  Erickson appears to agree with this notion to a point as he comments that in theology, truth and experience are always related.[8] This connection would be denied or questioned, but theological truth will always impact experience.[9]  

F.W. Dillistone (1999) writes that it is a distinctive aspect of Christianity that one learns continually through religious experience.[10]  Revelation through Christ is the source of that experience.[11] Theological empiricism examines its perspectives to determine if they are connected to the experienced world.[12]  

To Dean, empirical theology, one, begins with a speculative view of life as a struggle.[13]  He also states that, two, from moment to moment empirical theology uses a speculative model to generate piecemeal conclusions in the face of little reliable empirical knowledge.[14]  For Dean method is the outcome of content, as empirical research and findings shall determine the reasonable plausibility of the theology.  In the end, the assumptions of practical theology must be examined by consequences, and if the theology does take root in the real world.[15]

DEAN, WILLIAM (1986)  American Religious Empiricism, Albany, State University of New York Press.

DEAN, WILLIAM (1990) ‘Empirical Theology: A Revisable Tradition’, in Process Studies, Volume 19, Number 2, pp. 85-102. Claremont, California, The Center for Process Studies.

DILLISTONE, F.W. (1999) ‘Religious Experience’, in Alan Richardson and John Bowden (eds.), A New Dictionary of Christian Theology, London, SCM Press Ltd.

ERICKSON, MILLARD (1994) Christian Theology, Grand Rapids, Baker Book House.

ERICKSON, MILLARD (2003) What Does God Know and When Does He Know It?  Grand Rapids, Zondervan. 



[1] Erickson (1994: 29).
[2] Dean (1990: 85-102).
[3] Dean (1990: 85-102).
[4] Dean (1990: 2).
[5] Dean (1990: 2).
[6] Dean (1990: 3).
[7] Dean (1990: 3).
[8] Erickson (1994: 29).
[9] Erickson (1994: 29).
[10] Dillistone (1999: 207).
[11] Dillistone (1999: 207).
[12] Dean (1990: 5).
[13] Dean (1990: 5).
[14] Dean (1990: 5).
[15] Dean (1990: 5).

Sunday, May 04, 2014

Brief On Idolatry

Magdeburg, Germany Beautiful Earth, Google+
The sermon today at church was discussing Solomon and his quote 'seven hundred wives and concubines' and his great wealth.

In light of a comment...God does not have any ontological needs, that is not what the article is discussing. It is in context discussing God's needs for a person as in his purposes vs. natural human needs.

1 Kings 11:1-3

English Standard Version (ESV)

'11 Now King Solomon loved many foreign women, along with the daughter of Pharaoh: Moabite, Ammonite, Edomite, Sidonian, and Hittite women, 2 from the nations concerning which the Lord had said to the people of Israel, “You shall not enter into marriage with them, neither shall they with you, for surely they will turn away your heart after their gods.” Solomon clung to these in love. 3 He had 700 wives, who were princesses, and 300 concubines. And his wives turned away his heart.'

The theme of the sermon, in my opinion was King Solomon and his discussion of the vanities of life that were a prime example of making idols of 'things' other than God.

Therefore, the key to happiness it was indicated for a human being was to trust in God and in Jesus Christ, in other words, the triune God of the New Testament.

To trust of things of spirit and soul over temporal things for happiness.

Definitions of Idolatry

Browning writes that it is 'the cult surrounding a statue of a god or goddess'. Browning (1997: 181).

'Paul warns the Corinthian Christians about a kind of idolatry (I Cor. 10: 14) which might have been a form of civic ceremony'. Browning (1997: 181).

'Idolatry is also used metaphorically for evil desires (Col. 3:5)'. Browning (1997: 181).

This I reason is the primary use of terms idol, idols, and idolatry in the Western evangelical church today.

Colossians 3:5

'English Standard Version (ESV)

5 Put to death therefore what is earthly in you:[a] sexual immorality, impurity, passion, evil desire, and covetousness, which is idolatry.

Footnotes: Colossians 3:5 Greek therefore your members that are on the earth'

Evil desires are therefore the theological and philosophical opposite of good desires that would be based on a love for God and desires to serve God, in Christ; although admittedly human beings in a corrupted, sinful state are not perfectly good and holy.

Therefore desires are never perfectly good and holy.

P.C. Craigie defines idolatry as 'The worship of an idol or of a deity represented by an idol, usually as an image. Craigie (1997: 542).

He as did Browning acknowledges that the New Testament deals with idolatry in a more metaphorical context than the Hebrew Bible. Craigie (1996: 542).  As in one should not covet for example (Ephesians 5: 5 and Colossians 3: 5).

Ephesians 5:5

English Standard Version (ESV)

'5 For you may be sure of this, that everyone who is sexually immoral or impure, or who is covetous (that is, an idolater), has no inheritance in the kingdom of Christ and God.'

Again in context, this is evil desires, the opposite of good desires. Another way a stating this would be that the Holy Spirit is not being sought in these desires, but sinful human desires are being followed.

A theological key here is the idol becomes 'the immediate focus of a person's desires and 'worship' displacing the worship of God.' Craigie (1996: 543).

The sermon's assumption being, and I agree, that this type of metaphorical idolatry will ultimately in this realm lead to vanity and unhappiness.

However, where I take some issue is with what is lacking, in an admittedly non-theological lecture format of preaching, as the message, as are many evangelical presentations, is over-simplistic.

Clearly it is intellectually and theologically possible to desire things in Christ through the Holy Spirit and still not be happy. 

Personally, I do not even reason that happiness should be our goal in such a fallen realm, rather it should be peace, joy and fulfilment in Christ even while there are problems of evil and suffering.

I do think that lack of misery should be a goal, that is lack of extreme suffering for prolonged periods.

There are many things that could make a sincere Christian unhappy apart from being in a state of idolatry.

These include, non-exhaustively, starvation, physical injury such as a serious wound needing treatment, physical assault, rape, loneliness, poverty, amputation, blindness, deafness, physical deformity and social ramifications, diseases such as cancer, ALS, apparent lack of salvation for friends and family, death of friend or family member and so on.

To simply state that when Christians are suffering with unanswered prayer, that these are 'felt needs' as one pastor stated at another church, when God does not grant them, does not seem accurate.

That type of theology also plays philosophically, in my humble opinion, into the Christian critic's hands because a realistic apologetic of reason is not being used.

Some claim atheism or agnosticism in part I reason because seemingly like many evangelical Christians they expect more from God. But the Christian believes in faith and the critic does not.

But, there are true needs that in this realm of problems of evil and suffering are not always met by God.

I realize that this is very difficult for some evangelicals to accept, but examine the evidence.

As God meets the needs of his saints in order to accomplish his will.

1 John 5:14-15 English Standard Version (ESV)

'14 And this is the confidence that we have toward him, that if we ask anything according to his will he hears us. 15 And if we know that he hears us in whatever we ask, we know that we have the requests that we have asked of him.'

This is my view is not stating that God will meet all needs, 'felt needs' or actual needs such as losing a leg due to amputation and needing a new one, in this realm.

Are we as an apologetic going to seriously state to the amputee that you really do not need that leg, or God would give it to you?

Or rather is the situation more accurately a reflection of God's sovereign will.

Suffering included.

R.W. Orr in regard to I John, notes that persons praying into the will of God are brought into the 'fellowship of divine life'. Orr (1986: 1584).

I do not find the idea from 1 John or the New Testament that God meets all of our needs in Christ in this realm, but rather his needs for us are met in prayer as in his purposes for persons.

Not ontological divine needs of God. There are none.

Therefore, this allows for the possibility for suffering, lack of fulfilment and misery to some extent for a person that has the Holy Spirit and the atoning and resurrection work of Christ applied to them by grace through faith alone, leading to good works.

This is not idolatry. This is not idolatry to desire for things to be better, to be fixed.

Although I can admit that where there is natural good desires, related evil desires can also exist which would be idolatry. Therefore idolatry remains a very significant issue.

BROWNING, W.R.F. (1997) Dictionary of the Bible, Oxford, Oxford University Press.

CRAIGIE, P.C. (1996) 'Idolatry', in Walter A. Elwell (ed.), Evangelical Dictionary of Theology, Grand Rapids, Baker Books.

ORR, R.W. (1986) I John, in F.F. Bruce (ed.), The International Bible Commentary, Grand Rapids, Zondervan.

Too much time...Boom 99.7, Facebook


Wednesday, April 30, 2014

Philosopher Frederick Ferre: Incompatibilism (PhD Edit)

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Frederick Ferre (1973)(1976) presents an incompatibilist view called self-determinism.[1]  Ferre reasons that, although there are external conditions relevant for every action, the outcomes of these actions are not fixed by any causal chain.[2]  Ferre here is suggesting that for some events there is not a prior determined cause.[3] Therefore, within this theory some human actions would not be caused or simultaneously determined by God or any external force,[4] and some human actions could be considered self-determined.[5] 

Feinberg, who has written extensively on the concepts of free will and determinism, explains incompatibilism is defined as the idea within free will theodicy that a person is free in regard to an action if he or she is free to either commit, or refrain from committing the action.[6]  There can be no antecedent[7] conditions or laws that will determine that an action is committed or not committed.[8] 

Compatibilism, like incompatibilism, holds to free will but in a limited form.[9]  P.S. Greenspan (1998) writes compatibilism holds to free will and determinism being compatible.[10]  Feinberg, a noted compatibilist, describes compatibilism as stating certain nonconstraining conditions could strongly influence actions in conjunction with human free will performing these actions.[11]  Feinberg (2001) explains that with this viewpoint, there will be no contradiction in stating God would create human beings who were significantly free, unconstrained, and yet committed actions that God willed.[12] 

BLACKBURN, SIMON (1996)  Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy,  Oxford, Oxford University Press.

FERRE, FREDERICK (1952)(1976) ‘Self-Determinism’, in American Philosophical Quarterly, Volume 10, Number 3, in John R. Burr and Milton Goldinger (eds.), in Philosophy and Contemporary Issues, London, Collier Macmillan Publishers.

FEINBERG, JOHN.S. (1994) The Many Faces of Evil, Grand Rapids,  Zondervan Publishing House.

FEINBERG, JOHN.S. (2001) No One Like Him, John S. Feinberg (gen.ed.), Wheaton, Illinois, Crossway Books.

GREENSPAN, P.S. (1998) Free Will and Genetic Determinism: Locating the Problem (s), Maryland, University of Maryland.

POJMAN, LOUIS P. (1996) Philosophy: The Quest for Truth, New York, Wadsworth Publishing Company.  



[1] Ferre (1973)(1976: 31-44).
[2] Ferre (1973)(1976: 35).
[3] Ferre (1973)(1976: 35).
[4] Ferre (1973)(1976: 35).
[5] Ferre (1973)(1976: 35).
[6] Feinberg (1994: 64).
[7] In his article entitled ‘Conditional’ Simon Blackburn writes that an antecedent exists if  p causes  qP  is the antecedent or prior cause of  q  which is the conditional and the consequence.  Blackburn (1996: 73-74).
[8] Feinberg (1994: 64).
[9] Pojman (1996: 596).
[10] Greenspan (1998: 1).
[11] Feinberg (1994: 60).
[12] Feinberg (2001: 637).