This article was originally published 20200316, revised as the primary article for an entry on academia.edu on 20240902.
My review of this fine academic text continues.
Within this Bible there is a Glossary from Reverend John W. Morris, Ph.D.
Is a Latin word meaning 'and the Son.' (798). Western churches added this word to the Nicene Creed (325 AD, my add) several centuries after it was originally written. (798).
This "filioque clause" is judged by the Orthodox Church as error because it is contrary to what Jesus taught (John 15: 26); thus, it confuses correct belief concerning the Holy Trinity. The addition of the filioque in the West was a major factor contributing to the Great Schism in A.D. 1054.
The 1054 schism was between the Western Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church.
Nicene Creed section
Cited sections from the Nicene Creed 325 AD
And I believe in the Holy Ghost, the Lord and Giver of Life; who proceeds from the Father and the Son; who with the Father and the Son together is worshipped and glorified; who spoke by the prophets.
And in the Holy Spirit, the Lord, the Creator of life, Who proceeds from the Father, Who together with the Father and the Son is worshipped and glorified, Who spoke through the prophets.
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My short article is focusing on Filioque and not on the development of the Nicene Creed, 325, or on the 1054 schism. But the difference in theologies can be seen here with the two different versions of the Nicene Creed, I provided. In contrast to Orthodoxy, within traditional Western Theology, Roman Catholic and Protestant traditions, the Holy Spirit is understood as proceeding from both the Father and the Son.
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Protestant
Based on the New Testament, is the Filioque clearly a false teaching? Both God the Father and God the Son sent the Holy Spirit in John 15: 26.
Bromiley (1996: 415) further mentions that the Holy Spirit is called the Spirit of Christ (Son in Galatians) in Romans 8: 9 and Galatians 4: 6 which both support the same idea.
New American Standard Bible (NASB)
26 “When the [a]Helper comes, whom I will send to you from the Father, namely, the Spirit of truth who comes from the Father, He will testify about Me, 27 and [b]you are testifying as well, because you have been with Me from the beginning.
Footnotes
a) John 15:26 Or Comforter, Advocate, Intercessor
b) John 15:27 Or (command) testify, you as well
It can be reasoned the Holy Spirit proceeds from both God the Father and God the Son. I can deduce that as God the Son became, Jesus Christ/God incarnate, as a human being he was emphasizing in John's Gospel, his human submission to the Father, without denying his own deity in sending the Holy Spirit.
G.W. Bromiley states that the term ‘and from the Son' was not in the original 325 Nicene Creed or 381 Constantinople Creeds and was likely added to the Third Council of Toledo of 589. It was officially endorsed in 1017. Bromiley (1996: 415). It did, in the minds of some historical commentators, in part, led to a split between the Western and Eastern Churches with the Eastern Churches rejecting it. Split in 1054.
The Pocket Dictionary explains that Filioque is the Latin term meaning 'and the Son' (52). Filioque was an addition of the Western Churches in the sixth century to the Nicene Creed which was therefore, not in the original version. (52). Erickson also writes that the original form of the Nicene Creed had not contained the words 'and the Son'. (852).
Roman Catholic
Key sources from that Roman Catholic, theological, website:
Maas, Anthony. "Filioque." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 6. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1909. .
Nihil Obstat. September 1, 1909. Remy Lafort, Censor. Imprimatur. +John M. Farley, Archbishop of New York.
Cited
'Filioque is a theological formula of great dogmatic and historical importance. On the one hand, it expresses the Procession of the Holy Ghost from both Father and Son as one Principle; on the other, it was the occasion of the Greek schism. Both aspects of the expression need further explanation.'
Cited
'The dogma of the double Procession of the Holy Ghost from Father and Son as one Principle is directly opposed to the error that the Holy Ghost proceeds from the Father, not from the Son. Neither dogma nor error created much difficulty during the course of the first four centuries.'
Cited
'At any rate, if the double Procession of the Holy Ghost was discussed at all in those earlier times, the controversy was restricted to the East and was of short duration.'
Cited
'The rejection of the Filioque, or the double Procession of the Holy Ghost from the Father and Son, and the denial of the primacy of the Roman Pontiff constitute even today the principal errors of the Greek church.'
(I agree with Orthodoxy in denying the primacy of the Roman Pontiff)
Cited
'As to the Sacred Scripture, the inspired writers call the Holy Ghost the Spirit of the Son (Galatians 4:6), the Spirit of Christ (Romans 8:9), the Spirit of Jesus Christ (Philippians 1:19), just as they call Him the Spirit of the Father (Matthew 10:20) and the Spirit of God (1 Corinthians 2:11). Hence they attribute to the Holy Ghost the same relation to the Son as to the Father. Again, according to Sacred Scripture, the Son sends the Holy Ghost (Luke 24:49; John 15:26; 16:7; 20:22; Acts 2:33; Titus 3:6), just as the Father sends the Son (Romans 3:3; etc.), and as the Father sends the Holy Ghost (John 14:26).'
Cited
'The only Scriptural difficulty deserving our attention is based on the words of Christ as recorded in John 15:26, that the Spirit proceeds from the Father, without mention being made of the Son. But in the first place, it can not be shown that this omission amounts to a denial; in the second place, the omission is only apparent, as in the earlier part of the verse the Son promises to "send" the Spirit.'
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Cited
Two further selected English translations...
King James Version 15:26 But when the Comforter is come, whom I will send unto you from the Father, [even] the Spirit of truth, which proceedeth from the Father, he shall testify of me:
American Standard Version 15:26 But when the Comforter is come, whom I will send unto you from the Father, even the Spirit of truth, which proceedeth from the Father, he shall bear witness of me:
Stephens 1550 Textus Receptus
otan de elqh o paraklhtoV on egw pemyw umin para tou patroV
(When but (But when) comes the helper (p
aracletos) whom I will send to you from the Father)
Bible Hub
Hort and Westcot
otan elqh o paraklhtoV on egw pemyw umin para tou patroV
(When comes the helper (p
aracletos) whom I will send to you from the Father)
Theological leanings
Personally, I hold to the Protestant position, not primarily because I am Reformed but because of the Biblical text. I do not think this places Orthodox Eastern Christians in the category of cultic (outside of the faith) on this point.
But I do I think it is a questionable position to take. The Holy Spirit, with the Father and the Son together are worshipped and glorified;
God the Father, God the Son and God the Holy Spirit are all worshipped and glorified. The Holy Spirit is equally God within the trinity.
Boice explains that the Spirit is a person because He has knowledge, feelings and will and this is what is stated of God the Holy Spirit in the New Testament. Boice (1981: 376).
Boice further explains that the definition of the Holy Spirit as Counselor (Helper ESV) in John 14 from Christ is certainly that of one person describing another. Boice (1981: 376).
Following are some key examples where God the Holy Spirit is demonstrated as being fully God in glory as are the Father and Son.
We have noted that Holy Spirit is sent by the Father and Son is John 15.
The Holy Spirit as God is of course equally part of the Baptism formula at the ending of Matthew (28: 19).
Acts 2 and Pentecost we see the Holy Spirit is given to the Church along with manifestations in many Biblical cases.
The arrival of the Counselor as God the Son promised.
The disciples received the Holy Spirit in John 20: 22 post resurrection.
Acts 5 lying to the Holy Spirit equals lying to God. Ananias and Sapphira.
who spoke by the prophets; and we believe in one holy catholic and apostolic Church;
Not the Roman Catholic Church in context which evolved in time, but the universal Church of the triune God in Christ that has been delivered through the Apostles of Christ such as Peter, John, James and Paul.
The Holy Spirit of course spoke through the Prophets, Apostles and Scribes in the development of the Old and New Testaments.
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BOICE, JAMES, MONTGOMERY (1981) Foundations of the Christian Faith, Downers Grove, IVP Press.
BROMILEY, G.W. (1996) ‘Filioque’ in Walter A. Elwell (ed.) Evangelical Dictionary of Theology, Grand Rapids, Baker Books.
BRUCE, F.F. (1987) Romans, Grand Rapids, William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company.
CALVIN, JOHN (1552)(1995) Acts, Translated by Watermark, Nottingham, Crossway Books.
COAD, F. ROY (1986) ‘Galatians’, in F.F. Bruce (gen.ed.), The International Bible Commentary, Grand Rapids, Marshall Pickering/ Zondervan.
COURSON, JON (2005) Application Commentary, Thomas Nelson, Nashville.
CRANFIELD, C.E.B. (1992) Romans: A Shorter Commentary, Grand Rapids, William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company.
DUNNETT, WALTER M. (2001) Exploring the New Testament, Wheaton, Crossway Books.
ELLISON, H.L. (1986) ‘Matthew’, in F.F. Bruce (ed.), The International Bible Commentary, Grand Rapids, Zondervan.
ELWELL, WALTER AND YARBROUGH, ROBERT W., Third Edition (2013) Encountering The New Testament, Grand Rapids, Baker Academic.
ERICKSON, MILLARD (1994) Christian Theology, Grand Rapids, Baker Book House.
FRANCE, R.T. (1985) Matthew, Grand Rapids, IVP, Eerdmans.
GRENZ, STANLEY J., DAVID GURETZKI and CHERITH FEE NORDLING (1999) Pocket Dictionary of Theological Terms, Downers Grove, Ill., InterVarsity Press.
GUNDRY, ROBERT (1981) A Survey of the New Testament, Grand Rapids, Zondervan.
HANSON, Rev./Dr. B.B.M.J. Mackenzie-Hanson (2005-2006), Arian/Arianism
http://www.arian-catholic.org/arian/arianism.html
KNIGHT, KEVIN (2012) Filioque, New York, New Advent.
New Advent: Filioque
MOUNCE, ROBERT H. (1995)
The New American Commentary: Romans, Nashville, Broadman & Holman Publishers.
SLICK, MATTHEW J. (2012) Arianism, Nampa, Indiana, Christian Apologetics and Research Ministry.
(1993) Saint Athanasius Orthodox Academy, Thomas Nelson Publishers, Nashville, Tennessee.
