Do you have null class?

Today: colourized to make April look August

LANGER, SUSANNE K (1953)(1967) An Introduction to Symbolic Logic, Dover Publications, New York.

In symbolic logic, the word 'the' means more than 'all'. (122).

'The' expresses the fact that there is at least one element in a certain class. (122).

Class in review:

A class is a class of so and so's, as in each member of the class has a certain character. (115). Langer uses the following example, bear in mind this was written in the 1950s and 1960s: A man belongs in the class of politicians, only if he is a politician. Being a politician equals being in the class of politician. (115).

Langer uses the example of the wife of King Arthur (122) as in there is at least one element under this concept. (122). One element is within this class. Class is also defined as 'sort'. (122). If there is no wife of King Arthur, then there is nothing of the sort. (122).

This is null class.

'Null' class means that means 'all its members' equals none at all. This null class could be 'No wives of King Arthur'. (123).

Possible equations:

∃=There exists
∃!=There exists
˜=Not

∃ ˜ W

There exists not King Arthur's wife (W).

∃! ˜ W

There exists not King Arthur's wife (W).

˜ (∃! x)

x (King Arthur's wife) does not exist.

ε is epsilon from the Greek alphabet meaning is, a. The ε symbol, according to Langer is specifically meant as a symbol for is, a, in contrast with any symbol for is.

(x) : x ε B

(x King Arthur) is a B: Bachelor).

(x) : x ε U

(x King Arthur) is U: Unmarried).

(x) : x = ∃!

(x Arthur's wife) does not exist.

⊨ is entails

Biblically and theologically another true god/God would be a null class.

(x) : x  ⊨ ˜ og

(x Trinitarian God) entails not or no other god/God.

or

T ⊨ ˜ OG
t ⊨ ˜ og

In Three Minutes 6: Chucky Demolishes Sports Philosophy?

Chucky agrees and prefers future renovation over new builds for modern sports buildings.

Chucky agrees, public money for sports buildings is sheer terror.

Clarification: I mean that a modern NHL arena is built in the 1990's style. Rogers Place for example, is new.

Selected Hebrew Bible Chronology

Beit She'an Valley Israel Google+

Biblehub.com

Biblehub.com provides a fairly academic reading Biblical timeline. In totality it would be too large for a website entry and therefore I provide a non-exhaustive selection of the timeline provided from the Hebrew Bible/Old Testament.

My reasoning is that such a list can assist a person in remembering the chronological order of prophets and writers. Especially the order between Elijah and the New Testament era.

Cited

Before 4000 BC The Creation Genesis 1
Before 4000 BC The Garden of Eden Genesis 2
Before 4000 BC The Fall of Man Genesis 3
Before 3000 BC From Adam to Noah Genesis 5
Before 2500 BC The Great Flood Genesis 7
Before 2500 BC Covenant of the Rainbow Genesis 9
Before 2100 BC The Tower of Babel Genesis 11
2091 BC God Sends Abram to Egypt Genesis 12 
2081 BC God's Covenant with Abram Genesis 15
2067 BC The Covenant of Circumcision Genesis 17 
1875 BC Jacob and Family to Egypt Genesis 46
1600 BC Israelites Oppressed by New King Exodus 1:8
1446 BC The Exodus Begins Exodus 13 - 18
1446 BC The Isreaelites At Mount Sinai Exodus 19
1446 BC Moses Receives the Commandments Exodus 20
1446 BC Moses Receives the Law Exodus 21 - 24
1445 BC The Tabernacle is Erected and Filled Exodus 40
1407 BC Moses' Summary of Israel's History Deuteronomy 1 - 4
1406 BC Recapitulation of the Law Deuteronomy 4:44 - 31
1043 BC Saul Becomes King 1 Samuel 8 - 10
1024 BC David Kills Goliath 1 Samuel 17
1010 BC David Made King over Judah 2 Samuel 2
1003 BC David Reigns over All Israel 2 Samuel 5, 1 Chronicles 11
1000 BC David Plans a Temple 2 Samuel 7
979 BC Preparation for building the Temple 1 Chronicles 22
979 BC Preparation of Priesthood 1 Chronicles 23
967 BC Solomon's Preparations for the Temple 1 Kings 5
966 BC The Building of Solomon's Temple 1 Kings 6
966 BC The Building of Solomon's Palace 1 Kings 7
966 BC The Ark Brought to the Temple 1 Kings 8
966 BC God's covenant with Solomon 1 Kings 9
966 BC Solomon Prepares for a Temple and Palace 2 Chronicles 2
966 BC Solomon Builds the Temple in Jerusalem 2 Chronicles 3
959 BC Ark Brought into the Temple 2 Chronicles 5 
863 BC Elijah Prays for Drought 1 Kings 17
858 BC Elisha Called 1 Kings 19:19
851 BC Elijah Taken up to Heaven 2 Kings 2
851 BC Elisha Succeeds Elijah 2 Kings 2:12
739 BC Isaiah Complains of Zion's Corruption Isaiah 1 - 5
739 BC Isaiah's Vision and Commission Isaiah 6
627 BC The Call of Jeremiah Jeremiah 1
627 BC Jeremiah Declares Judah Forsakes God Jeremiah 2 - 6
627 BC Jeremiah's Message at the Temple Gate Jeremiah 7 - 10 Jeremiah 47
605 BC Daniel Refuses the King's Portion Daniel 1
604 BC Daniel Interprets Nebuchadnezzar Dream Daniel 2
593 BC Ezekiel's Prophecy at Chebar Ezekiel 1
588 BC Jeremiah's Conflicts Jeremiah 21 - 33
586 BC The Fall of Jerusalem 2 Kings 25, Jeremiah 52
539 BC Daniel Interprets Handwriting on the Wall Daniel 5
430 BC The Word of the LORD by Malachi Malachi 1 - 4

Bible Timeline © 2010 by Rich Valkanet, Discovery Bible and Biblos.com. All Dates are Approximate. Timeline based on traditionally accepted timeframes and general consensus of a variety of sources, including Wilmington's Guide to the Bible, A Survey of Israel's History (Wood), The Mysterious Numbers of the Hebrew Kings (Thiele), ESV Study Bible, The Treasury of Scripture Knowledge, International Standard Bible Encyclopedia, and Easton's Bible Dictionary.

Ad Hominem Argument Circumstantial

Windows: Ronda, Italy

Ad Hominem Argument Circumstantial

I previously documented a related Pirie entry:

October 16 2015

PIRIE, MADSEN (2006)(2015) How To Win Every Argument, Bloomsbury, London.

Ad Hominem/Against the Man 

'If you cannot attack the argument, attack the arguer.' Pirie (2006)(2015: 122).

The author states that an insult in itself is not fallacious, (122) but ad hominem is used in a way to attempt to undermine an opponent's argument. (122).

Yes, I have been reviewing the Pirie text this long!

Once I have completed the Pirie and Langer philosophy text reviews, I have several other new academic texts awaiting possible review. I do reason it very important to provide Biblical Studies entries, but as my PhD is in Theology and Philosophy of Religion, I also need to research and provide entries within those academic fields as well. I have employment at present, but wish to promote myself in all areas of possible work.

I realize that the Langer, Symbolic Logic text reviews can be very tedious, but in my reasoning, it is required reading for my work. This is a reason I provide various types of entries. I also provide Satire Und Theology entries which are hopefully, short and sweet.

Ad Hominem Argument Circumstantial

With this fallacy 'the appeal is to the special circumstances of the person with whom one is arguing. Instead of trying to prove the contention true of false on the evidence, its acceptance is urged because of the position and interests of those appealed to.' (124).

Cited

'You can't accept the legitimacy of lending for profit. You are a Christian, and Christ drove out the money lenders from the temple.' (124).

Pirie explains that the Christian is invited to agree because of Christian convictions. (124).

I agree that this would be fallacious argumentation. Jesus Christ in the biblical context is removing the business of moneychanging and related banking from the temple. This should not be expanded to Christian theology and philosophy where all moneychanging, money lending and banking is therefore considered, sinful, immoral and unethical. In other words, banking outside of the temple, or in our modern context, the Christian Church, is not necessarily sinful, immoral and unethical.

Interestingly, the British author also documents the example of nominal Christians that in reality do not follow biblical views in their personal lives. The nominal Christian could then be 'forced into a reluctant and resentful acquiescence you could never have gained otherwise.' (125).

Problematically, many nominal Christians are biblically illiterate to the point where he/she may very well be unaware whether Jesus Christ's actions of removing moneychanging and banking from the temple, in the New Testament Gospels, would therefore require a modern-day Christian theology and philosophy that is anti-lending and anti-banking.

Context is extremely important within Biblical Studies.